Variable Number of individuals (%) Chi-square
test p-valuea
2019 2020
Age
Age 18-24 242 (6.64) 258 (6.46) 0.75
Age 25-29 312 (8.57) 330 (8.26)
Age 30-39 849 (23.31) 961 (24.06)
Age 40-49 829 (22.76) 859 (21.51)
Age 50-64 1080 (29.65) 1221 (30.57)
Age > 64 330 (9.06) 365 (9.14)
Genders
Female 1796 (49.31) 1947 (48.75) 0.62
Male 1846 (50.69) 2047 (51.25)
Education
Below bachelor’s degree 1947 (53.46) 2069 (51.80) 0.12
Bachelor’s degree 965 (26.50) 1143 (28.62)
Postgraduate degree 730 (20.04) 782 (19.58)
Annual household income
Low income (< USD 35,000) 547 (15.02) 473 (11.84) 0.00
Medium income (USD 35,000-74,999) 1283 (35.23) 1405 (35.18)
High income (>= USD 75,000) 1812 (49.75) 2116 (52.98)
Employment status
Unemployment 139 (3.82) 262 (6.56) 0.00
Managers, professionals, education- and art-related employees 1173 (32.21) 1293 (32.37)
Service/manual labor, healthcare, and legal-related employees 1958 (53.76) 2026 (50.73)
Self-employed workers 372 (10.21) 413 (10.34)
Metropolitan status
Non-metropolitans 543 (14.91) 537 (13.45) 0.07
Metropolitans 3099 (85.09) 3457 (86.55)
Interactions of income and metropolitan status
Low-income x Metropolitan status
Low income metropolitans 439 (12.05) 374 (9.36) 0.00
Non-low income metropolitans 3203 (87.95) 3620 (90.64)
Medium-income x Metropolitan status
Medium income metropolitans 1043 (28.64) 1161 (29.07) 0.68
Non-medium income metropolitans 2599 (71.36) 2833 (70.93)
High-income x Metropolitan status
High income metropolitans 1617 (44.40) 1922 (48.12) 0.00
Non-high income metropolitans 2025 (55.60) 2072 (51.88)