| Attribute |
Design options |
Description |
| Number of rides permitted |
single |
Valid for single-leg trip |
| through ticket |
Valid for multi-leg one-way trip |
| return |
Valid for trip there and back |
| fixed trip carnet |
Valid for fixed number of defined trips |
| stored value card |
Valid for the number trips equivalent to the value on the card |
| unlimited trips (period ticket) |
Valid for any trip (on the stated service) |
| Duration of ticket |
length of single trip(s) |
Valid for a single trip |
| transfer |
Valid for an end to end trip with includes a transfer within a limited amount of time |
| day ticket |
Valid for unlimited trips on a single day |
| multi-day ticket |
Valid for unlimited trips in a limited period, usually 3 or 5 days |
| season ticket |
Valid for unlimited travel for a set period of time, typically 1 week, 1 month, or 1 year |
| unlimited period |
A ticket with no time constraints, sometimes called ‘open’ ticket |
| Distance discrimination |
flat fare |
A single price for the fare |
| zonal fare |
Prices increase or decrease across geographical zones or physical boundaries |
| staged fare |
Prices which are discretely set according to destination or boundary; similar to zonal but usually along a single route |
| mileage-based fare |
Prices increase according to the distance travelled |
| Integration level |
single operator/ single mode |
Fare is linked to a single operator, single mode |
| single operator/ multi-mode |
Fare is linked to one operator for multiple modes |
| multi-operator/ single mode |
Fare is eligible for all providers using a single mode |
| multi-operator/ multi-mode |
Fare is eligible for all providers and all modes |
| multi-service |
Fare allows related services or provides benefits to user, some of which may be non-transport |
| Number of users |
one person |
Fare or ticket is valid for one person |
| group tickets |
Fare or ticket is valid for number listed on artefact |
| Ticket exclusivity |
transferable |
Fare or ticket can be given to another user |
| non-transferable |
Fare or ticket is only valid for named user |
| Type of individual |
non-differentiated |
Same fare for all users |
| concessions |
Fare changes based on user characteristics (e.g. student, disabled) or trip characteristic |
| Differentiation by time |
valid anytime |
Fare or ticket is valid at any time |
| peak and off peak |
Fares typically are higher during peak periods and off peak tend to have lower fares |
| crude yield management |
Fares which are adjusted, by bands, according to level of bookings, or potential demand, on a service |
| real time yield management |
Fares which are adjusted according to actual demand at the time of booking |
| Ancillaries |
all in tickets (bundled) |
Ticket or fare which includes all ‘extras’ bundled into a single price (also called bundled services, or package); usually only one class of ticket |
| ticket segmentation (packages) |
Tickets or fare which are segmented according to services provided |
| disaggregated service attributes |
Tickets or fares which are highly unbundled and each service is paid for separately |
|
Payment and Control Domain: 3 Attributes
|
| Timing of payment (POS) |
in advance (pre-trip) |
transaction occurs before the trip, usually pre-booked |
| at the barrier |
transaction takes place at gate or barrier |
| boarding the vehicle |
transaction takes place as user boards the vehicle |
| on board the vehicle |
transaction takes place on the vehicle |
| exiting the vehicle |
transaction take place as the user leaves the vehicle |
| post trip payment |
transaction takes place after journey is completed |
| Ticket medium |
cash (exact fare) |
Fare required is the exact amount in coin or paper notes |
| cash (change given) |
Fares can be paid in coin or note form and change is given |
| tokens (weight) |
Tokens must be purchased to use the system |
| tokens (chip) |
Token which contains a chip and must be purchased to use the system |
| printed tickets (visual) |
Printed ticket provided to gain access to system |
| printed tickets (barcode) |
Printed tickets with scannable codes which permit access (also includes QR-codes) |
| ticket (magnetic strip) |
Tickets with a magnetic strip usually |
| contact smartcard (chip) |
Dedicated plastic card with embedded chip is used to record all tickets and trips; funds can be pre-loaded or transferred electronically |
| contactless smartcard (RFID) |
Dedicated card with RFID which allows contactless ticketing; has similar functions as above |
| contactless bank card (RFID) |
A national issued bank card which uses RFID to pay for transactions and the transport system simply charges the account linked to that bank card. |
| mobile phone |
Payment is achieved through an application within the mobile phone using either QR code scans, or other means of electronic transfer |
| Control methods |
open system control |
There are no barriers or controls for users within the transport system. |
| closed entry, open exit |
A transport system which uses entry checks, such as gates, but allows barrier-free egress. |
| open entry, closed exit |
A transport system with no entry barriers but employs gates, barriers or checks during egress to ensure payment was completed. |
| fully closed system |
A transport system which requires users to log both the start and end of the journey typically using physical gates, or points of contact for tickets/devices. |