Research Question

A docked public bicycle share program (PBSP) make bicycles available to the public throughout a service area, and can lead to increased bicycling within a population (Fishman 2016; Hosford et al. 2018, 2019). There is currently limited evidence on the population-level impacts of PBSPs in terms of bicycling crashes and injuries (Fishman, 2016; Fishman & Schepers, 2018; Martin et al., 2016). The International Bikeshare Impacts on Cycling and Collisions Study (IBICCS) collected data from over 20,000 participants in 8 major Canadian and US cities from 2012 – 2014 (Fuller et al., 2014). Here, we use the IBICCS data to estimate the impacts of implementing a PBSP on the likelihood of self-reporting a bicycling crash.

Methods and Data

IBICCS is a quasi-experimental non-equivalent groups study designed to evaluate the health and traffic safety impacts of PBSPs. The study protocol is published elsewhere (Fuller et al. 2014). Residents (aged 18+ years) in cities that either had implemented a new PBSP in 2013 (Chicago, New York), had an existing PBSP (Boston, Montreal, Toronto), or had no PBSP during the study period (Detroit, Philadelphia, Vancouver) were sampled. Cities with existing PBSPs included Boston (implemented 2011), Montreal (implemented 2009), and Toronto (implemented 2011) (Hosford et al. 2019). Cross-sectional data were collected in each city in the fall of 2012, 2013, and 2014. Data collected included information on bicycling behaviour, bicycling crashes, sociodemographic characteristics, and residential location.

We used a difference in differences approach to evaluate the impact of implementing PBSPs on the likelihood of reporting a bicycling incident (Fuller et al. 2013). This analysis focuses on changes in self-reported bicycling crashes over time for bicyclists in cities with a newly implemented PBSP, or an existing PBSP, compared to bicyclists in cities with no PBSP (control cities). We used census data to apply age and sex post-stratification weights to adjust the sample to better represent the general population. Survey weights were truncated at 0.2 and 10 (Hosford et al. 2019).

We used weighted logistic regression models to ascertain whether or not the likelihood of reporting a crash changed over time for bicyclists in a newly implemented or existing PBSP city, relative to those in control cities. To quantify the impact of implementing a PBSP on the likelihood of self-reporting a crash we used a model that includes year (2012 [baseline], 2013, 2014), city type (No PBSP [control], newly implemented PBSP, or existing PBSP) and additional covariates to adjust for characteristics of participants. We use an interaction term between year and city type to quantify the effect of PBSPs on the likelihood of a bicyclist self-reporting a crash within newly implemented or existing PBSP city, relative to those in control cities. We selected additional covariates based on bicyclist characteristic and environmental factors that have previously been identified as risk factors for a bicyclist crash (Branion-Calles et al. 2020; Degraeuwe et al. 2015; Fuller et al. 2013; Poulos et al. 2015; Tin Tin, Woodward, and Ameratunga 2013; Vanparijs et al. 2015). This included a measure of how much participants bicycle (average weekly bicycling hours in the past 30 days), age (18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+ years), sex (woman, man), educational attainment (high school or less, at least some college or university), perceived safety of bicycling (dangerous, neither safe nor unsafe, safe), and helmet use (never, seldom, often, always). We also used Walk Score® of a participants’ neighbourhood as a proxy for favourability of within-city built environment conditions (Walk Score 2020).

Findings

Across cities and survey periods there were 4,484 participants (weighted total) who indicated they bicycled at least once in the previous month and provided complete data. Of these, 934 participants (20.8%) reported at least one crash in the previous 3 months. Amongst the 934 participants who reported a crash, 38.6% indicated that the most recent crash resulted in injury and 18.6% involved a visit to the emergency room (Table 1). The number of participants who reported bicycling in the previous month increased from 1,074 at baseline in 2012 to 1,721 at two-year follow-up in 2014 (Table 2). There was a considerable change in the perception of bicycling safety with the proportion who view bicycling as dangerous in their city decreasing from 29.9% in 2012 to 23.5% in 2014.

In the logistic regression models, the interaction term (Year \(\times\) City PBSP Status) is the estimated difference in the likelihood of a bicycling crash over time in cities that have a newly implemented or existing PBSP, relative to change over time in cities without a PBSP (Table 3). Relative to the change in likelihood of a crash in cities without a PBSP (and after adjustment for bicycling exposure, sociodemographic characteristics, and Walk Score), there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of reporting a bicycling crash for cities with newly implemented PBSPs after 1-year (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.09; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.57, 2.10), and after 2-years (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.71, 2.50). Relative to the change in the likelihood of a crash in cities without a PBSP, for cities with existing PBSPs there was a significant decrease in likelihood of a crash after 2-year follow-up (OR: 0.49; CI: 0.25, 0.98). Figure 1 illustrates the model-based estimates of changes in the predicted probability of a crash from 2012 to 2014 for participants across cities with existing, newly implemented, or no PBSPs.

Figure** **1.Predicted probability of a crash for participant defined by median of continuous covariates and mode of categorical covariates but differ in City PBSP Status and Year. PBSPs were implemented in 2013 for “Newly Implemented” cities.

In this study of population-level bicycling across 8 large cities, we observed that bicycle safety outcomes in cities with a newly implemented PBSP were no different from other cities in terms of safety. PBSPs may be associated with positive impacts on safety over longer time periods, as implied by the decreased odds of a crash in cities that had an existing PBSP at baseline. There are very few studies that evaluate the impact of PBSPs on bicycling safety outcomes. Bicycling crashes are vastly underreported in administrative data (Langley et al. 2003; Winters and Branion-Calles 2017). Although fatalities are consistently recorded, they are, fortunately, very rare (Beck, Dellinger, and O’Neil 2007; Teschke et al. 2013). The IBICCS study provided a large multi-city sample of self-reported bicycling crashes, overcoming data gaps in administrative data, and further, allowed for a quasi-experimental study. Confidence intervals were wide, limiting conclusive evidence on the impacts of implementing PBSPs on bicycling safety.