RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS
Cycling improves riders’ health and counteracts traffic externalities such as congestion and pollution. City authorities are, therefore, actively seeking ways to increase bicycle use in cities. Even though well-designed cycle tracks enhance riders’ comfort (Blanc and Figliozzi 2016) and safety (Rossetti et al. 2018; Ling et al. 2020), the provision of cycling infrastructure remains a complex issue given the limited road space available in cities. Because of this, it is common for planners to design new cycle lanes that occupy space previously allocated to car traffic, parking, and sidewalks. In this paper, we analyze the intensity of cycle lane use by comparing the person flow in cycle lanes with the person flow in the adjacent motor vehicle lanes. The objective is to provide empirical evidence to ascertain the efficiency of the use of road space. This is achieved by determining whether cycle lanes are used by a greater number of travelers than the lanes for motor vehicles, first in absolute numbers (flow), and then as a function of the road space (width) allocated to lanes for bicycles and motorized traffic. A variable that measures the flow per unit of road width is used, in line with the flux concept proposed by Levinson et al. (2017). Simple as it is, such a comparison is usually missing in the assessment of cycle lanes after they are introduced on roads.
METHODS AND DATA
The study is carried out in seven streets that have exclusive cycle tracks in Santiago, Chile. Travelers on bicycles and inside motor vehicles are counted, either during the morning peak period (8 AM to 10 AM) or during the afternoon peak period (5:30 PM to 8:00 PM). Only one location per street is observed. In three cases, the sites observed are at the intersection of two cycle tracks. The fourth site is on Andrés Bello Avenue, which is likely to have the highest bicycle flow rate in the city. Though the site selection is arbitrary, the aim is to represent a variety of situations including newer cycle tracks (no more than two years old, such as Arturo Prat and Eleuterio Ramírez), more mature cycle tracks (between three and five years old, such as Rosas, Teatinos and Ricardo Lyon), and older cycle tracks (more than five years old, such as Pocuro and Andrés Bello). Five of the cycle tracks are on-street; Pocuro and Andrés Bello are off-street. All streets are one-way for motor vehicles, whereas all cycle tracks are bidirectional. There is no public transport on the streets selected. The description of each site is shown in Table 1, and three cycle tracks (two on-street and one off-street) are shown in Figure 1: Eleuterio Ramírez (top), Rosas (middle) and Andrés Bello (bottom).
The data is drawn from on-field measurements recorded by a single observer with a video camera. The counting of passengers inside motor vehicles is done in real-time by the observer, while cyclists are counted using the recorded videos. The data collection took place over three working days at each point; thus, there are 6 hours of recording for morning peak locations and 7.5 hours for afternoon peak locations, as detailed in Table 1. The flow of motor vehicles is represented per lane. The weather conditions during the data collection were mild (around 20°C) with no rain.
We calculate the person flow and the person flow per meter (m) of road width for motor vehicles and bicycles for flows aggregated every 30 minutes (0.5h). Based on these indicators, we built the following ratios to compare the flows of bicycles vs. motor vehicles:
\[Q = \frac{q_{b}}{q_{a}} = \frac{cycle\ lane\ flow\ \left\lbrack pax/(0.5h) \right\rbrack}{motorized\ vehicles\ flow\ \left\lbrack pax/(0.5h) \right\rbrack}\ (1)\]
\[F = \frac{f_{b}}{f_{a}} = \frac{cycle\ lane\ flow\ per\ lane\ width\ \left\lbrack pax/(0.5h)/m\right\rbrack} {motorized\ vehicles\ flow\ per\ lane\ width\ \left\lbrack pax/(0.5h)/m \right\rbrack}\ (2)\]
FINDINGS
The measurements of person flow are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Because cycle tracks are bidirectional and motorized traffic is unidirectional in all cases, we calculate bicycle flow in the same direction as motor vehicles (b1), counterflow (b2), and total (btot). Figure 2 presents the calculation of indices and for motor vehicles relative to bicycles running in the same direction as motor vehicles (indices and and total (in both directions, indices and
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When only considering bicycle flows in the same direction as motor vehicles, ranges from 0.10 to 0.70, with mean and median values of 0.35 and 0.30, respectively. When including total bicycle flow for the cycle track, the index ranges from 0.20 to 1.85, with mean and median values of 0.72 and 0.61, respectively. In other words, in the seven streets observed, for every 100 people traveling in motor vehicles, 72 people ride bicycles. Andrés Bello is the only street in which more people per lane travel by bicycle than by motor vehicle (see the second column in Figure 2: in the period 18:00-20:00 hours, between 55% and 85% more people travel on the cycle lane than on each motor vehicle lane).
The index portrays a different picture, with five out of the seven streets experiencing a higher flow rate of people riding bicycles than using motor vehicles, per meter of road width. The minimum, maximum, mean, and median values for are 0.27, 2.64, 1.03, and 1.02, respectively. If cyclists traveling in a counterflowing direction are also accounted for, the same four indices are 0.37, 2.13, 1.02, and 0.81 respectively Therefore, on average, for every 100 people traveling in motor vehicles, 102 people ride bicycles, per unit of road width.
In synthesis, on the streets observed, lanes for motor vehicles typically have a higher person flow rate; however, several cycle tracks do have a larger person flow per meter of width. The question is whether these results are generalizable. In principle, these findings are site-specific. However, we can determine whether such results hold in general, with cycle tracks and lanes for motor vehicles running at full capacity.
On the one hand, the base saturation flow has been estimated to be between 1933 and 2292 pcu/h-lane in Santiago (Gibson, Bartel, and Coeymans 1997; UOCT 2011), where “pcu” stands for passenger car unit. Car occupancy rates in our data are between 1.3 and 1.6 pax/veh, depending on the street observed. Thus, the maximum person flow in cars is estimated to be between 2513 and 3667 pax/h-lane. On the other hand, the saturation flow for bicycles has been estimated as 2000 bicycles/h for the 1-meter wide cycle lane in Pocuro street in Santiago (Seriani, Fernandez, and Hermosilla 2015). Then, when comparing a 1-meter wide cycle lane with a 3-meter wide car lane at full capacity, the person flow in the cycle lane is found to be between 55% and 80% of the person flow in the car lane.[1] However, if the flow per unit of road width is considered, a cycle lane has a capacity that is between 164% and 239% of the person flow capacity of the car lane. In conclusion, for very high flow rates of bicycles and cars, the empirical result of our paper is also obtained: car lanes move more people than cycle tracks, but the opposite result is found if the road space (width) required by bicycles and cars is considered.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge support by CONICYT Chile (Grant PIA/BASAL AFB180003). The comments of two anonymous referees are appreciated.
The bicycle saturation flow rate would have to be in the range 2500-3700 bicycles/h for a 1-meter wide lane in order to equal the person flow of cars on a 3-meter wide lane. Bicycle saturation flows in that range have indeed been estimated in other countries (Allen et al. 1998).